《最高人民法院关于扩大区块链司法应用的意见》全文（中英文版）

核验、相符操作方法、平板到期、串连多肽来与等为基础子系统其设计并能，赞成各级国民部门基于裁决多肽和平台积极开展的业务创新应用于。

（七） 筹建的网站裁决区块多肽实验者和平台。基于均国裁决区块多肽和平台数据资料，在的网站下端筹建裁决区块多肽实验者和平台，赞成受害人等无关主体对双方同意数据资料、自旋事实、诉讼中信函等裁决数据资料进行时真伪核验。

（八） 该组织起来健均基准规约经济制度。该组织起来健均区块多肽在裁决各个领域应用于的子系统其设计基准和政府机构规约，为与无关各个领域区块多肽和平台和路由器终下端衔接、构建来与给予子系统其设计必需和基准接口赞成。

三、 适当运用区块多肽数据资料防盗歪曲子系统其设计，必要性大幅必要性提高裁决ORICON力

（九） 确保裁决数据资料安均。挺进国民部门自旋卷宗、自旋档案室、裁决汇总政府机构工具、重大案件查明状态等裁决数据资料上多肽存储设备，必要裁决数据资料防盗歪曲，大幅必要性提高数据资料安均低水平。

（十） 确保自旋事实相符。健均完备区块多肽和平台事实核验机能，赞成受害人和法官因特网核验通过区块多肽存储设备的自旋事实，倡导完备区块多肽存证的基准和的子系统，大幅必要性提高自旋事实认作的灵活性和质量。

（十一） 确保分派操作方法违反规定。倡导分派重大案件接收者、受害人接收者、该组织部门部门接收者、分派事先、动产查控、动产不作为、案款传真、同业惩、执法取证、分派互动、重大案件报结、卷宗归档等数据资料和操作方法上多肽存证，常态化积极开展分派均市场营销操作方法安均审计，必要性规约分派操作方法使用暴力，探求积极开展分派查控等引人注意操作方法因特网闭环实验者，必要准确无误。

（十二） 确保裁决信函立法者。倡导国民部门寄送的诉讼中信函和寄送回执在裁决区块多肽和平台独立存储设备，赞成在的网站下端查验寄送信函，保证寄送均时序安均准确，维护裁决立法者。

四、 适当利用区块多肽最佳化市场营销的极其重要依赖性，迅速必要性提高裁决灵活性

（十三） 赞成核准接收者相伴应用于。该组织起来核准注册材料分级分类基本机能相伴的业务的子系统，赞成在材料提交附送期满后重大案件发挥依赖性分级分类基本机能核准，谋求核准注册制改革科技成果，必要性提高核准灵活性。

（十四） 赞成双方同意与审理时序立体化应用于。该组织起来双方同意协议不履行基本机能即会审理核准、分派核准等的业务的子系统和平板到期程序，增强双方同意程序裁决立法者，赞成多元争执了结。

（十五） 赞成审理与分派时序立体化连动。均面挺进审理与分派破案子系统接收者衔接和数据资料构建，探求该组织起来裁判信函不履行基本机能即会分派核准等的业务的子系统和连动必要，最佳化审执立体化，顺畅接收者相伴，增加反复社会上活动，赞成力求破解分派难。

（十六） 赞成大幅必要性提高分派灵活性。探求该组织起来见下文的分派重大案件基本机能发起查看、冻结、扣划以及分派案款基本机能补发平板到期必要，在必要程序违反规定的前提下细化审批环节；该组织起来对统查动产物证剩余终本重大案件、对不履行义务的分派和解重大案件，需要单独提起核准时序方可基本机能核准恢复分派的平板到期必要。

（十七） 赞成分派干警便捷破案。运用区块多肽子系统其设计倡导因特网查控、评估拍卖会、案款传真、明知限消、行政处分聘请、自旋卷宗随案生成等向漂移下端延伸，产生去之前心化、去网系化、去子系统性的数据资料串联，不方便分派干警随时随地办分派宗教事务。

五、 适当挖掘区块多肽衔接连动的巨大潜力，增强裁决来与并能

（十八） 必要性提高会计师缺乏经验实验者来与并能。针对会计师缺乏经验实验者效益，协作国民部门与裁决警政部门部门串连多肽来与应用于，赞成发挥依赖性参与诉讼中活动的会计师缺乏经验、同业汇总数据因特网查看及核验，必要性提高核验实时性。

（十九） 必要性提高政法部门部门重大案件来与办并能。针对减刑出狱、刑事、民商事等重大案件串连部门部门来与办和公民权身份认证等效益，协作国民部门与检察、公安部、裁决警政等部门部门的串连多肽来与应用于，必要性提高重大案件因特网相伴灵活性和数据资料共同利益低水平。

（二十） 必要性提高串连部门部门来与分派并能。针对被分派人动产查控、明知被分派人联合惩等效益，协作国民部门与治安政府机构、房地产注册、金融业证券保险部门部门、联合同规定业惩等基本单位的串连多肽来与应用于，该组织起来基本机能化分派查控和同业惩模式，必要性提高来与分派社会上活动灵活性。

六、 适当利用区块多肽的组织互认相符的价值属性，增值城镇化上地方部门

（二十一） 人身安均知识产许可权。协作与版许可权、标志、专利等知识产许可权区块多肽和平台的串连多肽来与必要，赞成对知识产许可权的许可权属、注册、转让等接收者的查看核验，为知识产许可权重大案件的事实认作等给予不便，更容易地增值国内创新驱动策略性出台。

（二十二） 赞成金融业业周边环境最佳化。协作与市场监管、产许可权注册和交割和平台等区块多肽和平台的串连多肽来与应用于必要，赞成对之前小企业基本接收者、之前小企业股许可权变动、之前小企业间关联关系、房地产和动产许可权属境况、融资租赁、锰交割等许可权属注册和交割境况接收者的查看核验，为许可权属认作和产许可权交割给予不便，倡导基于数据资料与同业的分级分类监管经济制度筹建，更容易地增值国内金融业业周边环境筹建。

（二十三） 赞成数据资料海岛。协作与数据资料许可权属、数据资料交割等区块多肽和平台的串连多肽来与应用于必要，赞成对数据资料确许可权、数据资料交割等更必要性接收者的查看核验和平板到期不作为，助力数据资料要素市场协作和数据资料价值释放，更容易地增值国内大数据资料策略性出台。

（二十四） 赞成金融业接收者相伴应用于。协作与金融业部门部门区块多肽和平台的串连多肽来与应用于必要，赞成对金融业贷款合同规定、同业卡等审批、履行、违约更必要性接收者的查看核验和平板到期不作为，更容易地增值金融业可能性应对了结。

（二十五） 赞成之前小企业破产重组。协作与无关部门部门部门区块多肽和平台的串连多肽来与应用于必要，赞成对债许可权人之前小企业的专营接收者和涉诉涉分派接收者衔接构建，赞成债许可权备案接收者因特网实验者质证，在确保均体债许可权人知情许可权和翻查许可权的同时，精进债许可权核查公开半透明，并必要性必要因特网债许可权人全会的表决效力，更容易地增值市场主体救治和退出。

（二十六） 赞成出书经济制度筹建。协作与均国同业接收者构建和平台、国内之前小企业同业接收者公示子系统和明知惩部门部门的串连多肽来与应用于必要，赞成对明知被分派人、放宽高消费接收者的查看核验和平板到期不作为，必要明知接收者相符产生、安均传播和违反规定使用，更容易地发挥联合明知惩依赖性，助力健均以同业为为基础的新型监管必要，增值社会上同业经济制度筹建。

七、 确保措施

（二十七） 有利于该组织积极支持。各级国民部门要高度重视区块多肽在裁决各个领域的筹建和应用于，有利于其他部门相互配合，明确任务联席部门部门督导区块多肽应用于整体挺进和政府机构。

（二十八） 该组织起来来与必要。各级国民部门要其他部门全区区块多肽应用于综合，联合其他政法基本单位、社会上部门部门等自我意识精进来与社会上活动必要，共同挺进区块多肽在裁决各个领域的应用于。

（二十九） 加大赞成适度。各级国民部门要将区块多肽应用于社会上活动纳入智慧裁决筹建建设其他部门该组织出台，并与地方部门社会上地方部门创新相结合，争取经费赞成，加大挺进适度。

（三十） 侧重应用于示范。各级国民部门要立足于增值城镇化上长时间发展和国民部门的业务效益，选择十分成熟的应用于过场积极开展典型应用于示范，产生可复制、可推广的创新模式。

（三十一） 必要安均准确。各级国民部门要健均去向核查和验证评估必要，必要上多肽数据资料确实、准确性、违反规定性以及多肽上多肽下数据资料一致性，必要平板到期的合法性、合理性、安均性和准确性。

（三十二） 务实鼓动引导。各级国民部门要有利于成功案例鼓动推介，立足于裁决干警积极开展区块多肽子系统其设计应用于实习，均面大幅必要性提高区块多肽在裁决各个领域的应用于进展。

最高国民部门

2022年5月23日

Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court

on Strengthening Blockchain Application

in the Judicial Field

The Opinions are herein made for further implementation of the Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s instructions on actively promoting the application of blockchain technology to provide more intelligent， convenient and superior public services for the people， and for the earnest fulfillment of the Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan （2021-2025） for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives through the Year 2035 of the People’s Republic of China and the 14th Five-Year Plan （2021-2025） for National Informatization． While taking the real work of the people’s courts into consideration， the Opinions aim to leverage the role of blockchain in cementing judicial credibility， facilitating social governance， preventing and resolving risks， promoting high-quality development， etc．， so as to reinforce the advance of smart courts on all fronts and the modernization of the judicial system and judicial capabilities．

I． Overall requirements

（1） Guiding philosophies． Concentrating on the goal of “working to ensure that the people feel fairness and justice prevails in every judicial case”， the Opinions， under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era， endeavor to thoroughly implement Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and on building China’s strength in cyberspace， and are committed to serving the overall interests， administrating justice for the people and maintaining judicial fairness． The Opinions intend to vigorously promote in-depth integration between blockchain technology and diversified dispute resolution， litigation services， trial and enforcement and judicial administration． People’s courts in China need to actively utilize the blockchain platform to facilitate social governance， optimize business environment， cement the development of the credit system， prevent and resolve major risks and underpin the establishment of a new development paradigm， sparing no efforts to elevate digital justice to a higher level．

（2） Overall objectives． By 2025， a blockchain alliance featuring interconnectivity and sharing between the people’s courts and all social sectors will come into being and a relatively complete standard system for blockchain application in the judicial field will be in place with the capabilities for fundamental support for data verification， trusted operation， smart contract， interoperation collaboration， etc． to be dramatically improved． Moreover， diversified dispute resolution， litigation services， trial and enforcement， and judicial administration will witness the comprehensive application of blockchain technology which effectively enhances judicial credibility， efficiency and integrity． By then， the judicial blockchain interoperation alliance is to be integrated into the economic and social operation system， enabling interoperation information sharing and coordination with the political and legal， industrial and commercial， financial， environmental， social credit and other sectors， which will actively contribute to the improvement of business environment， economic and social governance， risk prevention and resolution， and industrial innovation and development， back China to become a peaceful， digital and credit-based country under the rule of law， foster a world-leading model of blockchain application in the judicial field with Chinese characteristics， providing superior judicial services and solid guarantee for China’s economic and social digital transformation and high-quality development in the new era．

（3） Basic principles．

Pursuing law-based coordination and emphasizing collaboration and interconnectivity． It is necessary to strengthen overall planning of blockchain infrastructure in accordance with laws and regulations and carry out top-level design of blockchain application in the judicial field in view of the needs of economic and social development as well as that of trial and enforcement． Research on interoperation collaborative application models with all walks of life should be intensified to promote data sharing and collaborative application between different parties．

Upholding openness and sharing and prioritizing standards． It is necessary to build a blockchain alliance with interconnectivity and sharing among all social sectors， develop capabilities to support common fundamental technologies， establish a unified and open technical standard system for blockchain application in the judicial field， making standardized services available to cross-departmental node access and joint maintenance and utilization of data across different industries．

Underlining application and valuing innovation-based development． Guided by the principles of administrating justice for the people， maintaining judicial fairness and facilitating social governance， it is necessary to give full play to the function of the blockchain in business process optimization， operation cost reduction， collaborative efficiency improvement， trusted system establishment， and other fields． Consistent efforts are required to promote the in-depth application of blockchain in the judicial field and to improve the performance of blockchain in cross-domain automatic enforcement．

Ensuring security and reliability and highlighting orderly progress． On the premise of security and trustworthiness， it is necessary to work hard to improve the accuracy and controllability of stored data and smart contracts on the blockchain， ensure data security， and protect personal information， in a bid to foster an environment of blockchain application in the judicial field with steady progress， orderly development， security and reliability．

II． Requirements on building the blockchain platforms of the people’s courts

（4） Strengthening top-level design of blockchain application． In accordance with laws and norms， and the overarching concept of internal and external efficient collaboration， it is required to systematically design the scenarios of blockchain application in the judicial field in response to the needs of coordinating the court work with the improvement of social governance． In view of the needs of collaboration between internal and external networks， an overall plan for building a blockchain that is unified nationwide， enables inter-network and interoperation judicial application should be developed．

（5） Constantly advancing capacity building for interoperation collaborative application． In order to actively serve the economic and social governance and application scenarios of judicial work， it is required to build the infrastructure of the blockchain alliance based on distributed identification， interconnectivity， and interoperation mutual trust， effectively integrate the enforcement blockchain construction achievements， give full play to the technical strengths of the alliance chain， and boost the development of the interoperation alliance of the judicial blockchain platform and that of all walks of life so as to constantly enhance synergy．

（6） Enhancing technical capabilities of the judicial blockchain． It is required to gather superior strengths to make a breakthrough in key technologies， create an open and shared judicial blockchain platform among people’s courts nationwide， improve basic technical capabilities such as data verification， trusted operation， smart contract and interoperation collaboration， etc．， and support people’s courts at all levels to engage in innovative application based on the judicial blockchain platform．

（7） Building an Internet-based judicial blockchain verification platform． Based on the data of the national judicial blockchain platform， it is required to build a judicial blockchain verification platform on the Internet， which enables parties and other relevant subjects to verify the authenticity of mediation data， electronic evidence， litigation documents and other judicial data．

（8） Establishing and optimizing a standard system． It is required to establish and optimize the technical standards and management specification for the application of blockchain in the judicial field， and provide technical guidance and standardized access support for the interconnectivity， sharing and collaboration with blockchain platforms and nodes in relevant fields．

III． Making the most of the data tamper-proof technology of blockchain to further enhance judicial credibility

（9） Ensuring the security of judicial data． Judicial data of the people’s courts， including electronic case files， electronic archives， judicial statistical reports and the status of concluding cases， are expected to be stored on the blockchain， to make sure the judicial data are tamper-proof and enhance data security．

（10） Ensuring trustworthiness of electronic evidence． It is necessary to perfect the evidence verification function of the blockchain platform， which enables parties and judges to verify the electronic evidence stored on the blockchain online， so as to contribute to setting sound standards and rules for blockchain-based storage and improve the efficiency and quality of electronic evidence identification．

（11） Ensuring compliance of enforcement operations． It is necessary to store data and operations， such as information on enforcement cases， information of parties and organizations， notice of enforcement， investigation and control of property， disposal of property， collection and distribution of money related to the cases， credit-based punishment， evidence collection， interactions of enforcement， reporting and conclusion of cases， archiving of cases on the blockchain， regularly carry out a security audit on operation of the whole process to enhance the normativity of enforcement operations， and consider the method of online closed-loop examination of sensitive operations such as investigation and control in enforcement， so as to make sure reliability and accuracy．

（12） Ensuring the authority of judicial instruments． It is necessary to uniformly store litigation documents served by the people’s courts and receipts of service on the judicial blockchain platform， and allow online verification of served documents to make sure the security and reliability of the whole process of service， so as to eliminate concerns of the parties about the authenticity of served information and maintain the authority of judicial instruments being served．

IV． Giving full play of the essential role of blockchain in optimizing business processes to constantly improve judicial efficiency

（13） Enabling circulation and application of case-filing information． It is necessary to set operational rules on the classification and categorization and later automatic circulation of documents to be docketed so as to achieve the automatic docketing of cases after their classification and categorization upon the expiry of the prescribed period for submission of materials， consolidate the fruits of the reform on case-filing registration system and improve case-filing efficiency．

（14） Enabling connected application between mediation and trial procedures． It is necessary to set operational rules on automatically triggering the trial procedure or the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform mediation agreements and launch the smart contract procedure， so as to cement judicial authority of the mediation procedure and support diversified dispute resolution．

（15） Enabling the connection between trial and enforcement procedures． It is necessary to comprehensively advance the interoperability and sharing of information and data between trial and enforcement case handling systems， and explore the possibility of making rules and linkage mechanisms on automatically triggering the enforcement procedure upon the failure to perform judicial decisions， so as to optimize the convergence from trial to enforcement， ensure the information is transformed smoothly， reduce duplicate work and solve the problems of enforcement difficulties．

（16） Enhancing the efficiency of enforcement． It is necessary to explore the possibility of establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically investigate， freeze and seize property in eligible enforcement cases and distribute money related to the enforcement cases， so as to simplify the approval process under the premise of ensuring procedural compliance； establishing a smart contract mechanism to automatically file a case and resume enforcement without filing a separate case for cases where the enforcement procedure was suspended after the enforcement of the whole property discovered by unified investigation clues and settlement cases of enforcement for non-fulfillment of obligations．

（17） Enabling enforcement officers and police staff to handle cases more conveniently． It is necessary to utilize blockchain technology to promote the extension to mobile ends and formation of decentralized， de-networked， de-systematized data strings for online investigation and control， evaluation and auction， collection and distribution of money related to the cases， restriction of consumption for credit-related punished people， matters entrusted and electronic files generated with the case to enable enforcement officers and police staff to handle enforcement matters more conveniently at anytime and anywhere．

V． Fully taping the tremendous potential of blockchain connectivity to enhance judicial collaboration

（18） Improving collaboration in verifying lawyers’ qualifications． In response to the needs of verifying lawyers’ qualifications， it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and administrative organs， to enable online inquiry and verification of qualifications and credit reports of lawyers in litigation activities， with higher time efficiency．

（19） Improving collaboration in case handling between political and legal organs． To facilitate cross-departmental collaboration in operation involved in abatement from penalty， release on parole， criminal， civil and commercial cases and certification of citizenship， it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and procuratorial， public security， judicial， administrative and other organs， so as to improve the efficiency of online case circulation and data mutual trust．

（20） Improving the capability of cross-departmental collaborative enforcement． To facilitate investigation and control of property subject to enforcement and cooperative punishment for judgment debtors subject to enforcement， it is necessary to realize interoperation collaborative application between the people’s courts and organs involved in administrative law enforcement， immovable property registration， financial securities and insurance， or organs cooperatively imposing credit-based punishment， etc． and develop a model of automatically carrying out investigation and control in enforcement and imposing credit-based punishment， so as to improve the working efficiency of collaborative enforcement．

VI． Leveraging properties of the blockchain alliance of mutual recognition and trustworthiness to facilitate economic and social governance

（21） Protecting intellectual property． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for intellectual property， such as copyrights， trademarks and patents， and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to intellectual property ownership， registration， transfer and others to facilitate the evidence identification of intellectual property cases， so as to further push forward the implementation of the national innovation-driven development strategy．

（22） Supporting the improvement of the business environment． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms for market regulation， property registration， transactions and others， and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to the ownership registration and status of transactions， such as basic business profile， variation of corporate equities， correlation between businesses， ownership of immovables and movables， financial leasing， precious metal trading， to facilitate the identification of ownership and transactions of property rights， so as to intensify the development of the classified and categorized supervision system based on data and credit， and to further improve the national business environment．

（23） Underpinning data development and utilization． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms， such as data ownership， online data trading， etc．， and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to data ownership confirmation and data trading and other processes as well as handling of smart contracts， to propel the construction of data markets and the release of data value， so as to better facilitate the implementation of the national big data strategy．

（24） Supporting circulation and application of financial information． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of financial institutions， and enable inquiry about and verification of information related to approval， performance and default of financial loan contracts and credit cards as well as handling of smart contracts， so as to better contribute to preventing and resolving financial risks．

（25） Supporting bankruptcy and restructuring of enterprises． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with blockchain platforms of relevant government departments， and enable interoperability and sharing of business information of debtor enterprises and information related to litigation and enforcement， and enable online verification and cross-examination of information of submission of creditor claims， strengthen open and transparent verification of creditor claims while safeguarding the right to information and access of all creditors， and further ensure the voting effectiveness of online creditors’ meetings to better serve the rescue and exit of market entities．

（26） Facilitating the construction of the credit system． It is necessary to build an interoperation collaborative mechanism with the National Credit Information Sharing Platform， the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System， and credit-breaking punishment organs， and enable inquiry about and online verification of information of the blacklist of judgment debtors and people banned from high-spending as well as handling of smart contracts， to make sure the judgment debtors’ information is generated reliably， transmitted securely and used compliantly， so as to further develop the function of cooperative punishment for credit-breaking individuals， contribute to improving the new credit-based supervision mechanism， and push forward the construction of the social credit system．

VII． Guarantee measures

（27） Cementing organizational leadership． People’s courts at all levels shall attach great importance to the development and application of blockchain in the judicial field， strengthen coordination， and specify leading departments in charge of overall progress and management of blockchain application．

（28） Establishing a collaborative mechanism． People’s courts at all levels shall coordinate priorities of blockchain application in their respective jurisdictions， unite political and legal departments， social organs and other forces to strengthen the collaborative working mechanism， jointly promoting blockchain application in the judicial field．

（29） Strengthening support． People’s courts at all levels shall incorporate blockchain application into the development plan of smart courts for coordinated implementation， and combine it with innovation of social governance of local governments， to seek funding support and expedite the progress．

（30） Paying attention to demonstration projects． People’s courts at all levels shall choose relatively mature application scenarios to launch demonstration projects， with focus on needs of the economic and social development and the business needs of the people‘s courts， to form innovative models that can be reproduced and popularized．

（31） Ensuring security and reliability． People’s courts at all levels shall optimize the pre-review， testing and evaluating mechanism to make sure the authenticity， accuracy and compliance of the stored data on the blockchain as well as the consistency of data on and off the chain， and make sure the legality， effectiveness， security and reliability of smart contracts．

（32） Taking active steps towards publicity and guidance． People’s courts at all levels shall intensify publicity and promotion of best practices， and provide training on blockchain application for court officers and police staff， to improve the effects of blockchain application in the judicial field on all fronts．

The Supreme People’s Court

May 23， 2022

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